The Journal of Integral Hiphop
ISSN 2574-2434

The journal of integral hiphop

The purpose of this journal is to curate and share information related to the utilization of Hiphop elements for the purpose of psychospiritual, behavioral, social and cultural development and conversely how the world at large (medicine, science, technology, religion, spirituality, culture, society, psychology, philosophy) are contributing to our understanding of Hiphop. 

Submissions should focus on:

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How the elements are being used to improve physical health or are treating mental health and substance abuse issues. 

How the elements are being used to explore and manifest healthy cultural values.  

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Submission requirements are as follows (if applicable): 

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publications

The Journal of Integral Hiphop
ISSN 2574-2434

The Journal of Integral Hiphop Vol. 1

Submission Won

Cultivating Mindfulness Through Freestyle Rhyming

Justin F. Miles MA LCPC-S LGADC-S

Hiphop Alive: Institute of Education, Consciousness and Integral Music

Cultivating Mindfulness Through Freestyle Rhyming

Justin F. Miles LCPC-S, LGADC-S

Hiphop Alive

Abstract

This article explores the intersection between the practice of freestyle rhyming in Hip-Hop culture and the stages of Shamatha meditation, a technique rooted in Buddhist tradition aimed at developing calm abiding and mindfulness. By drawing parallels between the cognitive and creative processes involved in both practices, we propose a framework and practice called Mindful Freestyle Practice (MFP) that correlates specific types of freestyle rhyming with the nine progressive stages of Shamatha meditation. This framework suggests that the improvisational and expressive nature of freestyle rhyming can serve as a secular and culturally relevant pathway to cultivate mindfulness and enhance psychological well-being.

Introduction

Mindfulness, a state of active, open attention to the present, has been traditionally cultivated through meditation practices such as Shamatha, which involves focusing the mind on a single object to develop calmness and stability[3][16]. Freestyle rhyming, a form of improvised rap, requires a similar presence of mind and has been shown to engage brain regions associated with creativity, language processing, and emotional expression[19][20]. This article proposes that the stages of Shamatha meditation can be aligned with the cognitive and creative processes of freestyle rhyming, offering a novel approach to mindfulness training.

Shamatha meditation, also known as "calm abiding" or "tranquility" meditation, is a foundational practice in Buddhist tradition aimed at developing a calm, focused, and stable state of mind[1][2][4]. This practice is often used as a precursor to vipassana (insight) meditation, as it provides the necessary mental stability to engage in deeper analytical practices[3][4][16]. Mindfulness, in this context, refers to the quality of being fully present and engaged with whatever we are doing at the moment, without distraction or judgment.

The Nine Stages of Shamatha Meditation

Shamatha meditation is a methodical practice that progresses through nine stages, each characterized by an increasing level of concentration and mindfulness[16][18]. These stages are:

1. Placement: Initial focus on the meditation object.

2. Continual Placement:  Maintaining focus with occasional lapses.

3. Repeated Placement: Continuously returning focus after lapses.

4. Close Placement: Developing greater focus with fewer interruptions.

5. Taming: Overcoming gross distractions and cultivating clarity.

6. Pacifying: Subduing subtle distractions.

7. Thoroughly Pacifying: Further refining concentration and overcoming subtle dullness.

8. Single-Pointed: Achieving sustained, effortless focus.

9. Equanimity: Perfecting balance and stability in concentration.

How Shamatha Practice Cultivates Mindfulness 

The processes involved in Shamatha meditation lead to more mindfulness through a series of steps that stabilize the mind and enhance awareness[27][30][31]. Progressively training in experiencing the mind as it naturally is without alteration or motive to change it while through effort and focus keeping one's attention on an object of meditation/attention invites relaxation, concentration and trust in present mindedness. What follows is a brief outline of how mindfulness develops through the stages of Shamatha meditation. 

Stabilizing the Mind: The primary purpose of Shamatha meditation is to stabilize the mind by cultivating a steady awareness of the object of meditation, such as the breath. This stability is achieved by repeatedly bringing the attention back to the breath whenever the mind wanders. This process trains the mind to remain present and reduces the tendency to get lost in distractions, thereby increasing mindfulness[27][30].

Cultivating Concentration: As practitioners focus on their meditation object, they develop deeper levels of concentration. This concentration allows for a more sustained attention to the present moment, which is a key aspect of mindfulness. The ability to concentrate on a single point helps to quiet the mind and makes it more receptive to the present[27][30].

Acknowledging and Letting Go of Thoughts: During Shamatha meditation, practitioners learn to acknowledge thoughts as they arise without engaging with them. This practice, often referred to as "touch and go," involves gently touching upon a thought and then letting it go, returning to the breath. This helps in developing a non-reactive stance towards thoughts and emotions, which is essential for mindfulness[30].

Experiencing Tranquility: As one continues to practice Shamatha, the mind becomes calmer, and a sense of tranquility emerges. This tranquility allows for a more serene and clear observation of thoughts and sensations, which contributes to a mindful state where one is fully aware and engaged with the present experience[27][30].

Developing Clarity and Equanimity: Through regular practice, Shamatha meditation fosters clarity of mind and equanimity. Clarity enhances the vividness of present experiences, while equanimity allows for an even-minded reception of all phenomena. This balanced approach prevents extreme reactions to pleasant or unpleasant experiences, promoting a stable and mindful presence[30].

Preparation for Insight: The calm and stable mind achieved through Shamatha is an ideal basis for vipassana or insight meditation. Insight meditation builds upon the mindfulness developed in Shamatha, allowing practitioners to investigate the nature of reality and the mind itself. This deeper level of mindfulness can lead to profound insights and spiritual awakening[27][30].

Integration into Daily Life: The mindfulness cultivated in Shamatha meditation is not limited to the cushion; it extends into daily life. Practitioners learn to maintain awareness and presence in all activities, leading to a more mindful and attentive way of living[30].

The processes involved in Shamatha meditation—experiencing progressive stages of present centered restfulness, stability, clarity and strength of concentration— lead to a more mindful state of being. This enhanced mindfulness allows individuals to live with greater awareness, presence, and peace[27][30][31]. This writer posits that the same qualities cultivated in Shamatha practice can be cultivated through freestyle rhyming by intentionally sustaining a relationship with an object of focus and a relaxed welcoming of the fullness of one’s experience. 

Freestyle Rhyming

Freestyle rhyming can be seen as a dynamic cognitive process that involves spontaneous linguistic production, creativity, and emotional expression. Freestyling is associated with the element of Hip-Hop called “Emceeing”, where an artist improvises an unwritten verse from the head, with or without instrumental beats. In this form of freestyle, lyrics are recited with no particular subject or structure, akin to other improvisational music forms like jazz. As explained by the emcee Big Daddy Kane in a 2010 interview, the term "freestyle'' originally referred to verses that were "free of style," meaning they were written rhymes that did not follow a specific subject matter or predetermined cadence [36]. However, beginning in the early 1990s, the term evolved to predominantly refer to rap lyrics that are improvised on the spot, a trend that grew through arranged battles like Scribble Jam [38]. Modern battle rap, where emcees use pre-written verses to verbally degrade, belittle or out impress one's opponent continued into the early 2000’s and became the current and prevalent presentation of freestyling. This newer definition of freestyle is widely used and respected within the Hip-Hop community today, despite its lack of an improvisational approach. Although freestyle rhyming has purported benefits of boosting confidence, overcoming writer's block and having a tool of self expression, it is this writer's concern that there has been little research and study about how freestyle rhyming can do more than facilitate an experience that is personally and/or socially entertaining [37]. The elements of Hip-Hop are largely presented as extensions of and beneficial to the ego and not seen through the lens of ego transcendence or examined for their ability to foster qualities of wisdom, insight, awareness of self and other qualities associated with personal and social health. As the mainstream presentation of Hip-Hop’s elements continues the decades long trend of moving closer and closer towards embracing the values of materialism, conspicuous consumption, hypersexuality, violence and misogyny, this writer is concerned that the trans egoic benefits of Hip-Hop’s elements (including freestyle rhyming) will go ignored and be used to worsen issues already linked to lyrics and music that emphasize self aggrandizement over care for ones body, mind, community and world.

MFP is not about freestyling with the intention of “being good” but instead is about experiencing the “goodness of being”. MFP encourages emcees to freestyle in order to experience oneself as they are without self deception or need for self improvement or deprecation. Cultivating mindfulness of one’s first person experience is an invitation to examine the truth of the mind vs one’s tightly held beliefs, to care and be responsible for one's relationship with reality and to be accountable for one's behavior, thinking, feeling and speech. Preparing Hip-Hoppers not just for the stage show but the stage of life may not result in as many fans, but it may result in Hip-Hop practitioners causing themselves and others less harm and conversely increasing their motivation to be of benefit to others in the Hip-Hop community and family of humanity. 

Correlation of Shamatha Meditation to Freestyle Rhyming

The correlation between Shamatha meditation and freestyle rhyming is explored through the lens of cultivating mindfulness and mental stability, by employing specific freestyle practices that parallel the stages of Shamatha meditation in regards to how the participant relates to the object of meditation and awareness.

In the practice of Shamatha meditation what is referred to as the “object of meditation” is the means by which the practitioner keeps their attention focused in the present moment. Traditionally the object of meditation of Shamatha meditation is the breath (thought to be formless) but at times the use of counting breaths is advocated and as one evolves in their Shamatha practice the object of meditation is needed less and less as attention has become trained to stay without the need for an assistive device. By giving the mind an object to focus on, attention is gathered and centered instead of displaced or engaged in its usual information gathering functions. By gently returning to the present centered object of meditation again and again as the mind inevitably wanders and plays out familiar habitual tendencies, trust is cultivated in the experience of present centeredness, the mind wanders less and like training wheels on a child’s bicycle, the object of meditation can be reduced over time as confidence and concentration become natural and welcomed experiences.  

The innovative MFP approach suggests that by engaging in freestyle rhyming in a manner that encourages attentiveness to ones present centered experience through the gradual introduction  of an object of meditation, while also allowing space for relaxation, self acceptance and simple Being that freestyle rhyming can serve as a practical method for training the mind, similar to the structured progression found in Shamatha meditation practices. 

A basic MFP framework for understanding how the application of types of freestyling may correlate with the experience of progressively cultivating mindfulness as found in the stages of Shamatha meditation are as follows:

1.  Placement/Off the Dome: This type of freestyle is purely improvisational, akin to the initial stage of Shamatha where the emcee places their focus on the beat and theme].

2.  Continuous Attention/Pre-scripted: Reliance on comfortable concepts with intermittent moments of relaxation represent continual placement, where the emcee maintains focus on premeditated lyrics with occasional improvisational elements.

3.   Repeated Attention/Hybrid: A mix of prepared and improvised lines, similar to repeated placement, where the emcee navigates between memorized content and spontaneous creation.

4.   Close Placement: As the emcee becomes more adept, they can closely integrate written/memorized material with freestyle, reflecting the fourth stage of Shamatha.

5.   Taming: The emcee begins to overcome the challenge of staying on topic and rhythm, paralleling the taming stage of meditation.

6.   Pacifying: Subtle distractions such as off-topic thoughts or filler words are reduced, mirroring the pacifying stage in Shamatha.

7.   Thoroughly Pacifying: The emcee achieves a flow state, with minimal distractions and a clear, focused delivery.

8.   Single-Pointed: The freestyle becomes seamless and effortless, indicative of single-pointed concentration in meditation.

9.   Equanimity: The emcee reaches a state of balance and stability in their flow, analogous to the final stage of Shamatha.

MFP Methodology

Here's a more detailed look at how this writer utilizes various types of freestyles to cultivate correlating qualities of Shamatha meditation. This practice is called MFP or Mindful Freestyle Practice. As you may notice when reading further, practitioners are gently invited into experiencing their minds (without an attempt to change the quality of their mind) and over time asked to apply increased concentration to a present centered object of attention or focus. In the case of this practice it is the recapitulation of the number of bars which they are asked to be aware of.

1. Ferguson Welcoming/Free association: Pre-Practice/Remembering the Instructions. Working with the mind as it is: 

The instructions for our first foray into cultivating mindfulness through freestyling are to meet ourselves as we always already are: “Be as you are, without shame or fear. Without need to be any more or less than you are right now. Do not try to be good or fear being “bad” at freestyling. Allow whatever arises to arise.” Free Association is a technique of psychoanalysis devised by Sigmund Freud, where the patient expresses the content of their consciousness without censorship as an aid in gaining access to the unconscious mind. Similarly with MFP, Free Association means saying whatever comes to mind (whether it rhymes or not) despite it sounding like nonsense. This form of freestyling is engaged in as a means of experiencing the mind as it is in all of its randomness and discursiveness. The point is to not sound good or to entertain, but to become used to witnessing how the mind works. If the mind begins to try and formulate some sense of coherent thought the instruction is to notice this tendency, let go and to return to allowing the mind to be free from any attempts at style or structure. Learning to allow the mind to find acceptance as it is without alteration is the ground and fruition of the practices of freestyling and meditation.  

2. Eight and Out Random (Stage of Shamatha: Placement):

The practice of this stage is to free-associate rhyme for eight bars (a musical eight bar count), then to either allow another person to rhyme or to then stop for eight bars and to then compare and contrast the experience of their body and mind during and after rhyming. Afterwards returning to free association rhyming after an Eight bar count. This works with the stage of Shamatha called Placement. During the placement stage the object of meditation is the eight bar count, its beginning and ending while allowing the mind to be as it is during the eight bars. Additionally, awareness of the mind's tendency to seek control and ground through self-contraction and returning to randomness is also an object of meditation. When one gets nervous and begins to feel as if they need to be impressive or sound as if they’re “getting it right” the instruction is to return to randomness. When the practitioner is aware of the eight bar count the mind is placed on a mental object that exists in this moment. For those new to mindfulness and meditation, the in-between space of eight bars allows time and room for wandering.

3. Four and Out Random (Stage of Shamatha: Continuous Attention): 

This practice is similar to the former stage except that instead of eight bars the practitioner rhymes for four bars. This increases the amount of mindfulness needed to engage in the practice because the practitioner has to be more aware of when their four bar time limit has been reached. If practicing with someone else the practitioner will allow the other person to rhyme and then as soon as that person has completed four bars they immediately begin to free associate rhyme again. Again the emphasis is on focusing on the four bar count as well as the mind's tendency to try and establish stability instead of experiencing the natural stability that comes from returning to an object of meditation over and over again.

4. Two and Out Random (Stage of Shamatha: Repeated Attention): 

This practice involves rhyming for two bars and then either passing the turn to another person or pausing if alone. This type of freestyle requires increased mindfulness as the practitioner must be aware of when to rhyme and when to pause, experiencing the body and mind during these intervals. The frequent return to rhyming cultivates mental stability by requiring the mind to engage and disengage repeatedly, akin to the initial focus on the meditation object in the placement stage of Shamatha.

5. Eight and Out Focused (Stage of Shamatha: Close Placement): 

In this practice, the emcee rhymes for eight bars with a focus on coherence, possibly around a specific topic. This mirrors the continual placement stage of Shamatha, where the practitioner's mind returns to the object of meditation (in this case, the topic of the rhyme) when it wanders. This practice indicates the dawning of clarity and confidence as the emcee gets accustomed to coming back to the topic, overcoming distractions and anxiety.

6. Four and Out Focused (Stage of Shamatha: Taming): 

Similar to the eight and out focused, but with a shorter duration of four bars. This practice demands quicker mental adjustments and enhances the speed of returning to the focused topic, further developing clarity and trusting in stability experienced from earlier stages. The reduced time increases the challenge of maintaining coherence, thereby sharpening the practitioner's ability to focus and stabilize the mind.

7. Two and Out Focused (Stage of Shamatha: Pacifying): 

This method involves rhyming for two bars with a focus, then pausing or allowing another to rhyme. The focused nature of this practice, despite its brief duration, continues to cultivate stability by requiring the mind to engage in a concentrated manner within a limited timeframe. This practice symbolizes the dawning of the quality of strength in that attention has ceased to wander and peacefully finds comfort in presence.

The overarching theme in correlating these freestyle practices with Shamatha meditation stages is the emphasis on cultivating mindfulness, stability, and focus through the rhythmic and creative process of rhyming. By engaging in these structured freestyle practices, individuals can train their minds in a manner analogous to the gradual progression through the stages of Shamatha meditation, ultimately enhancing their mental clarity, stability, and mindfulness.

8. TBD

9. TBD

10. TBD

Discussion

The correlation between freestyle rhyming and Shamatha meditation stages suggests that engaging in MFP can potentially cultivate mindfulness. The improvisational nature of freestyle requires presence, adaptability, and a non-judgmental acceptance of the unfolding creative process, which are core aspects of mindfulness[12][13]. Furthermore, the flow state achieved during advanced freestyling is similar to the meditative absorption of later Shamatha stages, characterized by a deep immersion in the activity and a loss of self-consciousness[19][20].

The potential benefits of cultivating mindfulness for freestyle emcees are multifaceted, impacting both their artistic expression and personal well-being including enhanced creativity, improved focus, emotional regulation, connection with the present moment as well as improvements in neurological functioning. [21][22]

Potential Benefits of MFP in everyday life

Stabilizing the Mind

MFP like Shamatha meditation may help to stabilize the mind by training it to maintain steady awareness on a chosen object of meditation, such as the breath[24][25][28]. This stability is crucial for mindfulness, as it allows for sustained attention and reduces the tendency of the mind to wander into distractions, which is a common barrier to being fully present.

Developing Concentration

Through the practice of MFP, practitioners may develop greater levels of concentration[24][25]. This enhanced concentration supports mindfulness by enabling the practitioner to focus more intently on the present moment and the task at hand, whether it be observing thoughts, sensations, or external stimuli.

Overcoming Distractions

Like Shamatha meditation, MFP involves recognizing when the mind has become distracted and gently returning focus to the meditation object[24][25][27]. This process of repeatedly acknowledging distractions and refocusing cultivates a mindful attitude towards distractions, allowing practitioners to become less reactive and more equanimous in their daily lives.

Enhancing Clarity

As with Shamatha practice, as MFP practice deepens, the mind becomes not only stable but also clear[24][25]. This clarity is an essential aspect of mindfulness, as it allows for a more vivid and precise perception of the present moment, leading to a richer and more nuanced experience of life.

Fostering Emotional Balance

MFP involves cultivating progressive states of restfulness like Shamatha meditation and can lead to a tranquil state of mind, which is conducive to emotional balance[24][25][27]. A calm mind is less prone to emotional turbulence and can approach experiences with a balanced perspective, which is a key component of mindfulness.

Preparing for Insight

By progressively calming the mind, MFP like Shamatha sets the stage for vipassana or insight meditation, where mindfulness is used to investigate the nature of reality and the mind itself[26][27][28]. This investigation can lead to profound insights and a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of all things, which is often the ultimate goal of mindfulness practice.

Potential Benefits of MFP for Freestyle Emcees

The potential benefits of Mindful Freestyle Practice for freestyle emcees are multifaceted, impacting both their artistic expression and personal well-being. Despite a lack of research, here are some potential benefits:

Enhanced Creativity: Mindfulness can lead to a state of open awareness where new ideas can surface more readily. For freestyle emcees, this can mean more creative and innovative rhymes, as well as the ability to connect disparate ideas in novel ways[13][29].

Improved Focus: Mindfulness practices help in developing a sharper focus. This can be particularly beneficial during freestyle rapping, which requires sustained attention to maintain flow and coherence in lyrics[13][29].

Emotional Regulation: Mindfulness aids in recognizing and managing emotions. Freestyle emcees can use this skill to channel their emotions into their performance, enhancing the emotional depth and authenticity of their rhymes[13][29].

Stress Reduction: The act of freestyle rapping itself can be a form of mindfulness, providing a flow state that reduces stress and anxiety. This can contribute to an emcee's overall mental health and well-being[13][29].

Cognitive Flexibility: Mindfulness encourages a non-judgmental attitude and the ability to view situations from multiple perspectives. This flexibility can translate into more dynamic and varied freestyle performances[13][29].

Enhanced Self-Expression: Mindfulness can foster a greater sense of self-awareness and authenticity. Freestyle emcees may find that they can express themselves more genuinely and connect more deeply with their audience[13][29].

Better Emotional Expression: Mindfulness can help emcees become more attuned to their emotions, allowing for a richer and more nuanced expression of feelings through their lyrics[13][29].

Increased Confidence: As mindfulness practices help individuals become more centered and self-aware, freestyle emcees may experience a boost in confidence, both on stage and in their daily lives[13][29].

Improved Mental Agility: The spontaneous nature of freestyle rapping requires quick thinking and mental dexterity. Mindfulness can enhance these cognitive abilities, allowing emcees to come up with rhymes and responses more swiftly[13][29].

Connection with the Present Moment: Mindfulness is fundamentally about being present. For freestyle emcees, this can mean a more profound engagement with the beat, the crowd, and the moment of creation, leading to a more impactful performance[13][29].

Neurological Benefits: Research has shown that engaging in creative activities like freestyle rapping can stimulate the brain and potentially contribute to neuroplasticity and cognitive well-being[6][13][23].

Social Connection: Freestyle rapping often occurs in social settings, and mindfulness can enhance the sense of connection with others, fostering a supportive environment for artistic expression[13].

MFP can serve as a powerful tool for freestyle emcees, enhancing their artistic capabilities while also supporting their mental and emotional health. By cultivating mindfulness, emcees can improve their ability to create, perform, and connect with their art and audience.

Implications for MFP and Cultural Competence 

Practicing mindfulness through freestyle rhyming can be a culturally competent form of fostering an understanding and appreciation of diverse cultural expressions, enhancing empathetic communication, and promoting inclusivity. This approach integrates the cognitive and creative processes involved in both mindfulness practices and the art of freestyle rhyming, offering a unique pathway to cultural competence.

Understanding and Appreciation of Diverse Cultural Expressions

Freestyle rhyming, rooted in Hip-Hop culture, is a powerful medium for storytelling and expressing personal and communal narratives. By engaging in freestyle rhyming with mindfulness, individuals can delve deeper into the cultural significance and historical contexts of the themes and stories presented in their rhymes. This practice encourages an exploration of diverse cultural identities and experiences, fostering a greater understanding and appreciation of the richness and complexity of different cultural backgrounds[32][33].

Enhancing Empathetic Communication

Mindfulness practices cultivate presence, awareness, and empathy, which are crucial for effective and compassionate communication. When combined with freestyle rhyming, these qualities can enhance one's ability to listen actively and respond empathetically to others' perspectives and emotions. This empathetic engagement is essential for building bridges across cultural divides, as it allows individuals to connect on a deeper level, beyond surface-level stereotypes or assumptions[32][34][35].

Promoting Inclusivity

Incorporating mindfulness into freestyle rhyming can also promote inclusivity by creating a space where diverse voices and experiences are valued and respected. Mindfulness encourages non-judgmental acceptance of the present moment, including the thoughts, feelings, and expressions of oneself and others. By applying this principle to freestyle rhyming, participants can create an inclusive environment where everyone feels empowered to share their unique cultural perspectives and stories. This inclusivity not only enriches the creative process but also strengthens communal bonds and fosters a sense of belonging among individuals from different cultural backgrounds[32][34][35].

Practicing mindfulness through freestyle rhyming as a form of cultural competence involves a deep engagement with diverse cultural expressions, empathetic communication, and the promotion of inclusivity. This innovative approach leverages the transformative power of mindfulness and the expressive potential of freestyle rhyming to bridge cultural gaps and cultivate a more understanding and inclusive society[32][33][34][35].

Potential Limitations of MFP

The practice of MFP to cultivate mindfulness, while innovative and potentially beneficial, may come with certain limitations. These limitations primarily may stem from the inherent characteristics of freestyle rhyming and the specific needs and goals of mindfulness practices. Although this framework is largely theoretical and not well researched, here are some potential limitations:

Potential for Distraction: Freestyle rhyming is an active, dynamic process that requires cognitive engagement in creating rhymes, maintaining rhythm, and possibly interacting with an audience. This outward focus might divert attention from the inward focus that is central to mindfulness, which emphasizes quiet, introspective attention to one's mental and physical state without active external engagement.

Emphasis on Performance: Freestyle rhyming, especially in a social or performance setting, might place emphasis on the quality of performance, which could lead to performance anxiety or self-judgment. This is contrary to the non-judgmental awareness promoted in mindfulness practices, where the goal is to observe thoughts and feelings without criticism or pressure.

Cultural and Personal Relevance: The effectiveness of using freestyle rhyming to cultivate mindfulness may vary widely depending on individual and cultural backgrounds. Individuals who do not resonate with Hip-Hop culture or who are not comfortable with expressive forms of art may find this approach less accessible or effective.

Complexity in Skill Development: Freestyle rhyming is a skill that requires practice and development. For individuals new to freestyling, the initial learning curve might be steep, which could detract from the mindfulness aspect if too much focus is required on developing rhyming skills rather than on cultivating mindfulness.

Variable Stress Responses: While freestyle rhyming can be a stress-relieving activity for some, it might cause stress for others, especially in a competitive or public setting. This variability can affect how effectively it promotes mindfulness, which aims to reduce stress and enhance relaxation.

Focus on External Metrics: In some cases, the success of freestyle rhyming might be measured by external validation (e.g., audience approval), which could shift focus from internal experiences—central to mindfulness—to external outcomes. This shift might undermine the self-reflective and intrinsic goals of mindfulness practice.

While MFP may offer a creative and engaging way to potentially enhance mindfulness, it is important to consider these limitations. It may be most effective when used as a complementary practice alongside more traditional mindfulness exercises that emphasize quiet reflection and introspection. 

Conclusion

Freestyle rhyming and Shamatha meditation share common cognitive and emotional processes that can be harnessed for mindfulness training. By understanding the parallels between the stages of Shamatha and types of freestyle, individuals may find a secular and culturally relevant practice for developing mindfulness. Future research with MFP could empirically test the efficacy of freestyle rhyming as a mindfulness practice and explore its potential benefits for psychological well-being.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the lineage of practitioners and scholars of both freestyle rhyming and Shamatha meditation for their insights and contributions to the development of this framework.

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[22] Samatha Buddhist Meditation https://samatha.org/what-we-offer/samatha-meditation

[23] The Neuroanatomy of Freestyle Rap - The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/11/the-neuroanatomy-of-freestyle-rap/265414/

[24] The 9 Stages Of Shamatha Meditation: Training The Mind To Be Calm | Browse Wellness https://www.browsewellness.com/nine-stages-of-Shamatha/

/25] Shamatha-based Mindfulness Meditation: Beginner Guide - On-Tic https://on-tic.com/health-well-being/Shamatha-based-mindfulness-meditation-beginner-guide/

[26] Help on Shamatha - Dharma Wheel https://www.dharmawheel.net/viewtopic.php?t=28366

[27] How to Practice Shamatha Meditation | Lion's Roar https://www.lionsroar.com/how-to-practice-Shamatha/

[28] Samatha Meditation: The Antecedent to Vipassana https://enlightenmentthangka.com/blogs/thangka/samatha-meditation-antecedent-to-vipassana

[29] Article - “The Importance of The Freestyle” - Ayesharp Review Blog https://www.ayesharp.com/blog/article-the-importance-of-the-freestyle

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[31] Shamatha Meditation: The Nine Methods of Placement https://khenposodargye.org/meditations/Shamatha-meditation-the-nine-methods-of-placement/

[32] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4539954/

[33] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6364322/

[34] https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=diss201019

[35] https://cultureplusconsulting.com/2015/05/25/mindfulness-and-cultural-intelligence

[36] https://hiphopdx.com/interviews/id.1597/title.big-daddy-kane-rap-like-no-equal

[37] “10 Weird Benefits of Learning How To Freestyle Rap”, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnC1MuF3r1k

[38]https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/music/2016/06/10/scribble-jam-cincinnatis-high-water-mark-hip-hop-history/84690740/